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The presumption of advancement is a legal presumption which arises in various common law jurisdictions in relation to the transfers of money or other property. Broadly, the presumption states that where a husband transfers property to his wife, or a father to his child or someone to whom he has assumed parental responsibility, then in the absence of other evidence the court will presume that the transfer was by way of gift.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The presumption of advancement )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Presumption of Advancement Definition )〕 Sometimes, less commonly, the presumption is referred to in the reverse, in that all other transfers are said to be subject to a presumption of loan. In Australia it has also been held to apply to transfers from a male fiancé to a female fiancée.〔''Wirth v Wirth'' (1956) 98 CLR 228〕 In Hong Kong it has been suggested that it may also apply to an official concubine.〔''Cheung v Worldcup Investments Inc'' () HKCFA 78〕 In all other circumstances the transfer is presumed to be by way of loan (in the case of money) or subject to a presumed resulting trust in the case of other property. The presumption has been subjected to criticism on the basis that it reflects outdated Victorian era social values, ie. a transfer from a father or a husband is to be presumed to be a gift, but not a transfer from a wife or a mother. Others have questioned whether the presumption has any significant effect in practice.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Presumption of Advancement - Does it have any effect in practice? )〕 Some academics have even questioned whether it is accurate to say that there is presumption of advancement at all. There is no presumption of advancement between cohabiting couples (whether heterosexual or homosexual), nor between a man and his mistress.〔 The presumption is rebuttable by evidence. In ''Pettitt v Pettitt'' () AC 777 Lord Hodson indicated that the weight to be accorded to the presumption is very slight, and that it might be rebutted by the slightest of evidence.〔"()hen there are no living witnesses to a transaction and inferences have to be drawn" his Lordship felt the rule may be of use, but he added "I do not think it would often happen that when evidence had been given, the presumption would today have any decisive effect", per Lord Hodson at 811.〕 It has also been referred to as a "judicial instrument of the last resort".〔''McGrath v Wallis'' () 2 FLR 114, () 3 FCR 661.〕 But in the absence of any other evidence the presumption will still apply. The earliest known case where the presumption has been cited dates from 1677.〔''Grey v Grey'' (1677) 2 Swans 594; 36 ER 742〕 In the Hong Kong case of ''Suen Shu Tai v Tam Fung Tai'' () HKEC 1125 there was widespread expectation that the Court of Appeal of Hong Kong might modernise the rule by either holding that a presumption of advancement should also arise where a mother transfers property to her child, or abolishing the presumption entirely. But the Court declined to do either, and upheld the traditional common law rule following ''Bennet v Bennet'' (1878–79) LR 10 ChD 474. ==Abolition== In New Zealand the presumption has been abolished between husbands and wives.〔Property (Relationships) Act 1976, section 4.〕 In Canada the Supreme Court has held that it does not apply to gifts from a father to an adult child.〔''Pecore v Pecore'' () 1 SCR 795〕 In the United Kingdom provision was made to abolish the presumption in section 199 of Equality Act 2010,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Equality Act 2010, section 199 )〕 but to date, that section has not been brought into force. A previous attempt to abolish the presumption as between husband and wife by way of a private member's bill entitled the Family Law (Property and Maintenance) Bill failed to reach a second reading in 2006.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Presumption of advancement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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